It does sound like you're not getting enough power through your USB ports. Just as a note, USB ports and hubs are supposed to limit their power consumption according to the USB specification:
Universal Serial Bus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is normally not an issue of the power supply, but of a USB hub / motherboard. E.g. I know for some reason that my desktop's Asus M3A78-T has "weaker" USB power than my laptop, and that has nothing to do with the SeaSonic M12 600W PSU that I have (considering my computer only draws 320W out of the wall at F@H load). I have a 2.5" USB HDD, and my desktop needs a Y-cable to power the HDD while the laptop does not.
Did you try ALL the USB ports on the computer? If you have a damaged header it may not be producing as much power as before. Another thing you can try is to try your HDD on a POWERED USB hub (with the extra AC adaptor plugged in of course). If the powered hub works on another computer but not on the one with issues, then there could be something stranger happening.